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本文作者： 王燕
第5卷第10期读与写杂志’2008年10月V01．5No．10ReadandWritePeriodicalOctober2008EthnicConflictsandIdentityConstructioninaEuropeanContext王燕(江苏省苏州丑生职业技术学院江苏苏州215009)Abstract：“ethnicity”．“ethnicidentity”and“ethnicconflicts”havebeenremainingafocusforresearch．Inthisarticleitwillexplaintheunderstandingofethnicityaswellasthedefinitionofethnicgroupsandethnicidentityillustratethere．1ationshipbetweenethnicityandethnicconflictbasedon4kindsofexamplesdiscuss4sortsofmethodsonminoritiesanddisplaytheaimandmeasuresofEUidentityconstruction．KeyWords：ethnicity。ethnicconflicts，EUidentityconstruction中图分类号：G642文献标识码：A文章编号：16721578(2008)10-0013-021IntroductionEthniclty．referringtotherelationshipsbetweenethnicgroupswhichconsiderthemselves，andareregardedbyothers，a8beingculturallydistinctive．hasbeenahotdebatedtopicsincethelate1960stillnow．Mostofthe37majorarmedconflictsintheworldinl991couldbedescribedasethnicconflictsinwhichpeopletdedhardtodefendtheirethnicidentity．Thisessaywlllexplaintheunderstandingof“ethInicity”：illustratetherelationshipbetween“ethnicity’’and“ethnicconflicts”：displaytheme路u∞stOavoidthemanddiscussthefutureinEU．2Ethnicity2．1Understandingof“ethntclty”fromtwoaspects’11leterm“ethniclty”comingfromtheGreekwerd“ethnikos”canbeunderstoodfromtwoaspects．Firstly，ethnicitymeallgthesocialrelationshipbetweenunitswhoconsiderthemselvesasculturallydistinctivefrommembersofothergroupswithwhomtheyhaveaminimumofregularinteraction．InBanton’_view。differentfromrace，classandnation。“ethnieityi|essentiallyIillaspectof8relationshipinsteadofapropertyof8group．”Forethnicitytocomeabout。thegroupsmusthaveamlnimumcontactwitheachother,andtheymustentertainideasofeachotherasbeingculturallydifferentfromothers．Onlyinsofar舳culmraldifferencesa地regardedasbeingimportant，andarem8desociallyrelevant，dosocialrelationshipshaveanethnicelement．1Ilflecondly，ethnicttyimpliesanidentityorasentimentoflikezleasbasedondescent,language，religion，tradition。andotheroommonexperiences．ToHorowitz。“Ethnicityisthefeelingofbelonging．andofsolidaritywim。
culturalunitswiderthanfalnilies．”ToMekay，“Ethnicityisregardedasirrational，deep-seatedallegiancesandattachmentstokin-territoryorreligion．”So．ethnieityis8kindofsentiment,akindoffeeling,ofbelonging．2．2EthnicgroupsandethnicidentityEthnicgroupsareusedtocorrespondtoeachcultureandrefertoapopulationwhichislargelybiologicallyselfperpetuatingandsharesfundamentalculturalvalues．Ethnicgroupsinteractwitlleachother,keepingtheirownidentitytoshowtheya舱culturallydistinctivetethnicity．Ethnicidentity．asMichelHarbsmeierhaspointedout，ischaracterizedbyitsdependenceonamutualrecognitionofdistinctivenessbetweenethnicgroupswhichcomparethemselvesinordertolocalizetheirdifferences．So，ethnicityindicatesthatethnicgroupsandethnicidentitieshavedevelopedinmutualcontactratherthaninisolation．3EthnicConflictsEthnicconflictshappenedespeciallybetweenmajoritiesandminorities．-11leychallengedeachother’sethnicidentitythroughtheprotectionofowncultureamongminoritiesagainstthemajorities’assimilation．3．1ReligiousconflictInNorthernIreland，Protestants，mainlyhavingUnionistoutlook，and，Catholics，predominantlykeepingNationalistoutlook．ar@themajortworeligiousgroups．TakeGlengow酗theexample。ProtestantsliveintheeastwhileCatholicsinthewest．Theyhavethreewaystodisplayanddefendtheirdifferentreligiousidentity．Firstistobeascertainedbyusingvariousmeaningsuchagname，faceanddress，areaofresidence，schoolattended，linguisticandphoneticusethesecondissomestereotypestocharacterofbothsides，eitherofthemseesthemselvesbetterthantheother,thethirdway，alsothemostimportantway，istodisplayidentitythroughrehgiousritualoccasion，mainduringtheMarchingSeason．3．2LinguisticconflictLanguageisanimportantpartofculture，apredominantel热血传奇ementofethnicidentity，alsoafuelofethnicconflict．121InWales，people时toaffirmtheirownidentitythroughWelshlanguage，andidentifythemselveswitIIaWelsh-speakingcultureanditsvalues．ThelifebetweennativeWelshandEnglishincomersdi瑾ersalot，andthepotentialtensionsarehidbehindapoliteoutwardcourtesyandwillburstatadefiniteoccasion．WhenanEnglishmanasksaWelshtostopsmokingonthebus．theangrysentencescgnle：“It’snotforyouEnglishtotellusWelshwhattDdoinourowncountlT”‘“Englishgohome，Englishgohome’’pl一13第5卷第10期读与写杂志2008年10月V01．5No．10ReadandWritePeriodicalOctober2008m3．3ConflictofHistory／TerritorySerbianandCroatianpopulationsinYugoslaviaoccupiedoverlappingterritories，andthelocationofboundarieswoulddeterminewhetheronebelongedtothedominant“constituent’’nationortoamarginalized“minority”．Theideasof“greatSerbian”and“agreatCroatia”cameintobeingandfollowedtheconflictthatwasfinallysolvedthroughmassmurder,namelygenocide，ofSerbiana．Thewarduring1991and1992provedthattheterritory，thedwellingplacehadbeenperceivedasthebasicidentitycategorybecause“Thetownisa传奇presti-gioussymboloflocalidentitynotonlyforitsinhabitants，butalsoforthepeoplefromthewholeDubrovaikregion．”14J3．4Sami(specialexample)Sami，regardedasbothaminorityandallindigenouspeo-pie，alsomeetsomeconflictswithmajoritiesofNorway，Sweden，FinlandandRussia’sKolapeninsula．TheSamipeoplecompetewiththeirlivesfortheforestryforreindeerwhichcanprov热血传奇etheirSamiidentity．Samilanguageisalsoaproblem．UndertheSamiLanguageAct，Samipeoplehavethe’righttouseSamilanguagebeforeauthoritiesbutbasedontranslationandinterpretation．Thevisible“role-combinations”leadstothequestionof“HowtobeaSamiinthemodernwodd?’’inthepoem“SamiWomen”，butalsotothedesiretokeeptheSamiculture．嘲4EUIdentityConstruction4．1FourkindsofmeasuresonethnicminorityTosolvetheproblemofethnicconflicts，kindsofahernalivemeasuresmaybeadopted．Themostviolentmethodisthetragic“ethniccleansing”．TheexpeHingoftheethnicminoritiesinformerYugoslaviaisonlythemostrecentexample．Thesec-ondistheconsensus“assimilationmodel”．Itassumesare-placementoftraditionalorethnicvaluesincludingnaturalas·similationandforcedassimilation．Theformeronet该游戏对于这推荐了akesplace鹪aresultoftheco-existenceofdifferentethnicgroups．whichcausesculturestointeract．Thebestexamplesaremixedmarriages，wherethechildrenusuallycarryonthedominantlanguageandculture．Thelatteronereferstotheactionunder-mkentodestroyminoritylanguageandculturemakingthemsimilartothemajority．BothcasescanbefoundinHungary．恫Thethirdis‘‘theintegrationmodel”．Itisareciprocalprocesswherebythedominantgroupandtheethnicminoritygroupadoptcertainelementsofeachother’8culturebasedonthepreconditionofmutualrespectandappreciationoftheotherculture．ThetypicalexampleisthattheJewsdidWOW网游notsubmerseintotheDutchsociety，theywereintegratedintoit．Thelastwayis“thepluralismmodel’’whichisalso“multieulturalism”．Thedifferencebetweenintegrationandpluralismisamatterofdegree．JohnRexbelievesthattheidealofmuhiculturalismisconsonantwithequalityofopportunitywhenasocietyisunifiedinthepublicdomainlaw，politics，economics)，butencouragesdiversityinprivateorcommunalmaRel葛(domesticlife，religion，morality)．Itmeans“separatebutequal”．4．2EUidentityconstruction111eEUidentityconstructionwhichaimsatcreating“aPeopie’sEurope”isthetypicalc雠ofmuhicuhuralism．Theytrytocreateasortofsupra-nationalityandtoenhancefeelingsofbelongingtotheEU．nerelationshipbetweenregion，nationstateandtheEUshouldbeoneinsidetheother．Astotheethnicculture，theEUisplanningtostrengthenunityandpro-motediversity，whichwillfinallyreach“UnityinDiversity”．Itmeansthat“theEUshallcontributetothefloweringoftheculturesofthclllenlberstates．whilerespectingtheirnationalandregionaldiversityandatthesanletimebringingthecornmenculturalheritagetothefore．”IS]5ConclusionPeopleinthe$oxfleethnicgroupwilldefendtheirethniccultureandidentity，whichunavoidablyleadstoethniccon-ilicts．Tosolvetheproblem，differentnationsadoptdifferentmethods．鸭eEUistryingtocreate“aPeople’sEurope”aim·insat“UnityinDiversity”．WhethertheEuropeanidentityandunificationcanreallyreachthecombinationornotstirremainsaproblemtobestudied．搠References：【l】“Ethnicityisessentially”iscitedfromThomasHyllandEriksenl993，EthnicityandNationalism．【2】‘‘Languageisstill”iscitedfromMichaelBillig1995，Ba．halNationalism，P，14【3]FionaBowiel993，”Wale8fromWitIlin：conflictingInterpretationofWelshIdentity”，p．174．[41“711letownis”iscitedfromMajaPovrzanovicl997．Identitiesin伊缸EmbodimentsofViolenceandPlacesofBelonging．P158．【51SeethequotationandpoeminVigdisStordahll991，EthnicintegrationandIdentity-management-discoursesofSamiself-awareness．【6】‘‘thecleansingmodel”iscitedfrom’roviFenster1996，Ethnicityandcitizenshipidentityinplanninganddevelopmentforminoritygroups．【7】‘‘theassimilationmodel”iscitedfromAlbertW．Musschen-ga1998，IntrinsicValueasaReasonforthePreservationofMinorityCultures．【8】“theEUshallcontribute”arecitedfromChrisShore1993．“InventingthePeople’sEurope．CriticalApproachestoEu-ropeanIdentityCommunity‘CulturalPolicy’，p．784．【9】“UnityinDiversity”iscitedfromMaryonMcDonald1996，“UnityinDiversitv．SometensionsintheconstructionofEu-rope",p47．一14EthnicConflictsandIdentityConstructioninaEuropeanContext相关。
本文《Ｅｔｈｎｉｃ Ｃｏｎｆｌｉｃｔｓ ａｎｄ Ｉｄｅｎｔｉｔｙ Ｃｏｎｓｔｒｕｃｔｉｏｎ ｉｎ ａＥｕｒｏｐｅａｎ Ｃｏｎｔｅｘｔ》 --- 作者： 王燕
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